Well, look who’s thrown his famous hat in the ring of the often-contentious discussion around pollinators and native plants. It’s Friend of Rant Allan Armitage, the author of Herbacious Perennial Plants, who has often contributed guest opinions here – actually, it’s been too long since we’ve hosted one.
In a recent column for Greenhouse Grower, Armitage has a few blunt words to say, starting with “It does not take a brain surgeon or a rocket scientist to understand the importance of pollinating insects to ecosystems in general, from the forests of the Amazon to your neighbor’s vegetable garden.” But then his wry addition: “The fact that most gardeners and landscapers don’t want plants to reseed and have no use for the fruit of impatiens or baptisia is not important.”
I won’t quote the entire article – it’s freely available and linked here – but basically, Armitage says what many of us say: A judicious mix of natives and nonnatives can make both pollinators and gardeners happy. He then goes on to applaud such nonnatives as zinnias and salvia, both of which are the stars of my garden at this time of year.
The article is also making the rounds on Facebook, where it has attracted plenty of comments, including these–all good points:
•“There is a lot of shaming going on in the gardening community, condemning people who don’t grow 100% natives. It’s awful. I agree with Allan’s line of thinking.”
•“As a lavender farmer who also has a butterfly farm I am chastised by the native fanatics out there. Yes, I am well aware Lavender is not a native and zinnias are not either. Our butterflies and other pollinators love our selection of ‘pollinator plants’. “
•“As a professional gardener, there is no way I can plant all natives in many of my gardens, yet there is no shortage of bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, etc. I use a ton of annuals, and let’s face it — the only way to satisfy many of my clients is with lots of color year round among the native, non-native perennials.”
•“… the focus on pollinators (many of which are generalists) is short-sighted because it’s not just about the pollinators, it’s about the myriad Lepidoptera larvae and other insects that need host (not pollinator!) plants, many of which are far more likely to be specialists on one or a very few native species.”
Here’s a comment from former Ranter Carol Reese: “Plant closely related plants from other continents and watch the native insects use them for larval food. Nutritionally they aren’t very different. A place to start would be fennel and parsley for black swallowtail caterpillars. Passiflora species that aren’t native for Gulf Fritillary caterpillars. Gomphocarpus (a milkweed plant) from Africa for monarch caterpillars. Then help dispel the myth that it must be native, tell folks to get out of the way and let the insects choose. Who are we to tell them what they ‘should’ be consuming?”
And here’s a claim about natives with which I thoroughly disagree: “Bonus, they’re adapted to local soils and climates, so they’re easier to maintain and don’t need to be replaced after one or two seasons. “
No. Simply not true. And, honestly, adapted to what soil? Local soil? In most urban and suburban communities, there is no such thing. Who knows what has been added and subtracted over centuries of human development? That primeval forest is long gone, my friends.
I wish more gardeners where I live would read what Armitage – and our friend Carol – have to say about this. Instead, too many around here have swallowed the orthodoxy whole – just the orthodoxy, minus most science – and can’t wait to scold those who dare plant buddleia (another of my favorites) or even daylilies in their gardens.
While many would add more detailed analysis to such columns as Armitage’s, it’s the accessibility of what he says that is important. And the common sense.
The bees are all over my non-native annuals. They even love the flowers on my coleus plants when I finally let them grow. And I have said before that anyone who claims natives are easier to grow must not be growing the same ones I am. Then of course there is that nonsense that natives don’t need to be watered as much. I’m sure native plants growing in the swamp might have a difference of opinion on that.
I’m glad to see that Armitage’s opinion–which makes perfect sense–is being more widely shared. Personally, I’m sick and tired of the native plant purists and of the constant hammering on pollinators in every garden catalog and on every website.
I personally am at wits end with the natives I introduced to my garden as they’ve completely overtaken my beds in the back. It’s a rather large swath & I still have my spring bulbs but geez. #nothappy #overwhelmed
I would really like to hear more about the related-species idea for host plants. I read on the subject of native plant gardening constantly, but this is the first I’ve ever heard of this–sounds exciting! If there were more information on this and if they’re really of equal value as hosts I know people would be on board. Yes, people can be too harsh about non-natives, but if you do invasive management on larger properties, like I do, you would understand the passion. Most suburban gardeners have not experienced an entire forest of burning bush. Pollen sources are useless for native insects and birds in the end without host plants. So I’m looking forward to learning more. Also, native shrubs and trees are even more important–in terms of biomass they do the lion’s share of work.
Yeah, natives can be thugs and invasive too.
Natives are not invasive. They can be aggressive, though.
Dr. Armitage is right on the money. Right plant right place applies to natives and non-natives. There is a wide mix of both types in my garden and it is a place of constant activity. Gardening is supposed to be fun and relaxing not divisive on what should or should not be grown. Time to chill out and observe what’s happening around us vs passing judgement.
THANK YOU! I have a lot of natives in my yard, but many are not very showy. Zinnias are great for season-long color.
Now I m sad that I am paying someone to help get rid of all the hellebores from 20+ years ago. But they are thugs.
Check out the webinar ‘Biodiversity at Great Dixter’ on Great Dixter’s website. They did an audit in 2022 and punchline – biodiversity greatest where lots and lots of plants from lots and lots of different genera are together. Natives and non-natives.
Yes, we need the specialty plants for the specialist insects, but that’s not the whole story.
I’m glad that this has become commercialized – the big agricultural colleges are researching pollinator numbers and diversity when they are trialing plants for commercial release because now growers can market on pollinator attractiveness, and that’s gotta be good even as we grow weary of newly arrived converts in their zealot stage.
Great Rant, Elizabeth. Here’s my perspective. Dr. Armitage is right that quality nectar is a boon for generalist insects, regardless of where the plant came from. However, more research needs to be done on the other chemical compounds that insects utilize from specific plants. There are aesthetic benefits for gardeners who are interested in making thoughtful plant choices that support plant specialist insects and create good habitat. Who doesn’t love seeing butterflies in the garden? Creating good habitat doesn’t mean throwing Grandma’s Iris in the compost bin. We can have the Great Dixter style long border and feel great about it, so long as in our mix we do our best to include a high percentage of native plants across our total landscape (as Dixter does so beautifully.) Native trees deliver the biggest ecological dividends, so maybe we just encourage everyone to start by planting more? And, maybe those who sell native plants could spend some time educating consumers that native does not mean no bed prep, no irrigation or no maintenance.
Just wondering about “the ecosystem” that matches up the set of native plants, insects, birds, soils and the resulting total package. When pollinators go after the non-natives are the natives being robbed? Then again, if someone digs up a Cardinal flower from the bank of a near-by stream and transplants it on a hillside by their home with mostly domestic grass, is it still native?
I take issue with “as a professional gardener, there is no way I can plant all natives in many of my gardens.” Since we are in a situation where big box garden retailers STILL offer little to nothing in the way of natives (maybe offering “nativars”), it is INCUMBENT on the professional gardeners and landscapers to move this forward. “ALL” is a bit of an absolute but PLEASE plant (and specify) a HIGH PERCENTAGE (75+%) of native plants. YOU are the tip of the spear.
It seems many are missing the forest for the trees. It’s all about creating habitat and promoting biodiversity. Many native pollinators are generalist feeders ( and even among the generalist pollinators they have a wide range of requirements as well such as tongue size to flower shape ) . But many more are not and those are the ones we are loosing at an alarming rate. To paraphrase biologist Sam Droege who monitors the USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program : it’s like putting bird seed out in your yard and expecting warblers to come. I ‘m not a native plant purist by any means, and i think in SOME instances some non-natives can be helpful to some pollinators (if that is one’s focus of concern) but certainly not all. Specifically in this article, the example of the non-native milkweeds has been shown to actually be detrimental to Monarch populations . I’m all for debating the finer points of native plantings vs non-native cultivars (or even nativars ) but let us not confuse garden aesthetics to what is good for our native pollinators and biodiversity .